Correlación entre el diagnóstico ecográfico prenatal y posnatal en casos de hidronefrosis fetal / Correlation between prenatal and postnatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis

Introduction: Prenatal ultrasound detects fetal anomalies in 1% of pregnancies, about 20-30% of them are urogenital and among them 50% are fetal urinary tract dilatations (UTD). Objective: To establish the correlation between prenatal and postnatal hydronephrosis diagnosis, as well as to analyze the prognosis. Design, patients, interventions and main outcome measure: Retrospective observational study performed by the Prenatal Diagnosis Unit of Parc Taulí Hospital (Sabadell), which included 177 pregnant women with ultrasound diagnosis of UTD between January 2011 and December 2016. We performed a descriptive analysis of the most important ultrasound and perinatal variables. The main outcome measure was the degree of dilatation of UTD. Results: The prevalence of HNF was 1.17%; 82.8% were diagnosed in the second trimester ultrasound; 42.9% of fetal hydronephrosis cases were bilateral and, in 95.6%, the urogenital pathology was not associated with other malformations. Congenital heart disease was the most frequently associated prenatal anomaly (3.3%). Among 93 low-risk hydronephrosis cases diagnosed in the second trimester, 53.8% resolved spontaneously in the third trimester, 30.1% remained stable and 16.1% worsened. Of the 32 cases of moderate-severe UTD diagnosed in the second trimester, only 9.4% improved in the third trimester. Complementary examination was required in 46.9% of the neonates and 14.1% required surgical intervention. Conclusions: Most cases of fetal hydronephrosis were diagnosed by second trimester ultrasound. Mild UTD presents good prognosis as opposed to moderate-severe cases, which usually persist after birth.

Introducción. La ecografía prenatal permite detectar una anomalía significativa en 1% de los embarazos; de ellos, 20 a 30% son genitourinarias y 50% de estas son hidronefrosis fetales (HNF). Objetivo. Establecer una correlación entre el grado de hidronefrosis prenatal y posnatal, así como analizar las implicaciones pronósticas. Diseño, pacientes, intervenciones y variables principales. Estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado por la Unidad de Diagnóstico Prenatal del hospital Parc Taulí de Sabadell, que incluyó un total de 177 gestantes con diagnóstico ecográfico de HNF entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2016. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables ecográficas y perinatales más importantes. La principal variable de estudio fue el grado de dilatación de la HNF. Resultados. La prevalencia de HNF fue 1,17%. El 82,8% de los casos fue diagnosticado en la ecografía del 2º trimestre. En 42,9%, la afectación fue bilateral, y en 95,6% la malformación renal fue aislada. La cardiopatía fue la anomalía congénita asociada con más frecuencia (3,3%). De las 93 hidronefrosis de riesgo bajo diagnosticadas en el 2º trimestre, 53,8% se normalizaron en el 3er trimestre, 30,1% permanecieron estables y 16,1% progresaron. De los 32 casos de HNF moderadas-severas diagnosticadas en el 2º trimestre, solo 9,4% se normalizaron en el 3er trimestre. El 46,9% de los neonatos precisó exploraciones complementarias y 14,1% intervención quirúrgica. Conclusiones. Existe buena correlación de la HNF prenatal y posnatal. La HNF leve presenta buen pronóstico, mientras que la moderada-severa suele persistir posnatalmente.

Reliability of society of fetal urology and Onen grading system in fetal hydronephrosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of the Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) and Onen grading systems for fetal hydronephrosis in prenatal ultrasound according to the level of experience of the examiner. METHODS: We reviewed the prenatal ultrasound images of 146 fetuses (292 kidneys) that were diagnosed as having hydronephrosis between January 2005 and December 2014. One expert and two trainees assessed the prenatal renal ultrasound images using the SFU and Onen grading systems. The three examiners independently assessed each ultrasound image with both grading systems and reassessed the same images after 7 to 14 days. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to estimate intra- and inter-observer reliability in prenatal ultrasound images according to training level. RESULTS: The intra-observer reliability of the SFU grading system (κ 0.873–0.945) showed almost perfect agreement and that of the Onen grading system (κ 0.749–0.913) showed substantial to almost perfect agreement. The overall inter-observer reliability of the SFU grading system (κ 0.620–0.825) showed substantial to almost perfect agreement and that of the Onen grading system (κ 0.618–0.724) showed substantial agreement. The weighted kappa value of inter-observer agreement was 0.223 to 0.400 for SFU grade 1 and 0.064 to 0.346 for SFU grade 3. For Onen grading, the inter-observer agreement was 0.012 to 0.214 for grade 2 and 0.193 to 0.334 for grade 3. CONCLUSION: Both the SFU and Onen grading systems showed good intra-observer agreement in prenatal ultrasonography. The inter-observer agreement was decreased in SFU grades 1 and 3 and Onen grades 2 and 3. Therefore, more focus should be given to SFU grades 1 and 3 and Onen grades 2 and 3 for trainees.

Clinical analysis of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of prenatal B ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis.Methods 105 pregnant women with advanced hydronephrosis in the Department of Ultrasound of our hospital were selected as the research subjects from November 2013 to September 2015.Grignon classification was performed according to the first B ultrasound results,including 2 cases of level Ⅴ,3 cases of level Ⅳ,6 cases of level Ⅲ,30 cases of level Ⅱ and 64 cases of level Ⅰ.The hydronephrosis was reexamined by ultrasonography within the postnatal 24h.Meanwhile,the B ultrasound reexamination was performed in the postnatal 1,3,6 and 12 months.The change of hydronephrosis was observed.Results Among 105 cases of fetal hydronephrosis,64 cases of kidneys at level Ⅰ were improved in the postnatal 6 months,including 46 cases during 1 month and 16 cases during 3 months;30 cases of kidneys at level Ⅱ were improved during 6 months,including 24 cases during 3 months;6 cases of kidneys at level Ⅲ were progressing;Among 3 cases,2 cases of hydronephrosis at level Ⅳ underwent the surgery and 1 case was progressing;2 cases of hydronephrosis at level Ⅴ underwent the surgery.98 cases of hydronephrosis were physiological (93.33％).2 cases of hydronephrosis progression at level Ⅲ required to follow up.MRU examination suggested no surgical indication at present;1 case belonged to the hydronephrosis progression at level Ⅳ.The family members asked to be reviewed.Conclusion The fetal hydronephrosis can be classified accurately through the prenatal B ultrasound examination.The prenatal B ultrasound examination is the best method for the diagnosis and prognosis of fetal hydronephrosis.

Prenatal natural history of isolated fetal mild bilateral pyelectasis

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prenatal outcomes in a cohort of fetuses with mild bilateral pyelectasis and determine whether performing serial ultrasounds is a good follow-up strategy. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 62 fetuses with mild bilateral pyelectasis. Fetal mild bilateral pyelectasis was considered when the renal pelvis measured (in millimeters) ≥5.0 to 10.0, ≥7.0 to 10.0, and ≥10.0 to 15 at ≤23 weeks 6 days, 24 to 31 weeks 6 days, and ≥32 weeks, respectively, with no uretero-calyceal dilatation. Ultrasounds were performed every 3 weeks to assess whether the mild bilateral pyelectasis regressed, remained unchanged (Group 1) or progressed (Group 2). RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 53 fetuses (85.4%), and progression was observed in 9 cases (Group 2, 14.6%). The initial renal pelvis diameter was significantly larger in fetuses with progression (p=0.028). Statistically significant differences in the renal pelvis diameter were also found at weeks 31 and 35 for both kidneys (p<0.05). The cases requiring intrauterine procedures or early delivery were not observed. CONCLUSION: Fetal mild bilateral pyelectasis with no calyceal dilatation is a benign condition that can be managed in the postnatal period. The initial renal pelvis diameter and the diameter in week 31 or 35 were valuable parameters for identifying cases that would eventually need specific postnatal procedures.

Aspectos atuais na abordagem do refluxo vésico-ureteral / Advances in management of vesicoureteral reflux

The advances of knowledge in the clinical course of vesicoureteral reflux and its consequences have allowed an improvement in the management of this common disease in children. In the last years, several facts have contributed for a better understanding of the etiology of reflux and of the associated renal damage. Among them, it is important to emphasize the neonatal diagnosis of the reflux in the investigation of fetal hydronephrosis, the precise detection of renal damage by renal scintigraphy and the advances of the genetic of primary vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of this study is review these aspects and the recent clinical trials...

Os avanços no conhecimento do curso clínico do refluxo vésico-ureteral e de suas consequências têm permitido um aperfeiçoamento na abordagem dessa doença freqüente na faixa etária pediátrica. Nos últimos anos, vários fatores têm contribuído para uma maior compreensão da genêse do refluxo e do dano renal associado. Entre esses destacam-se o diagnóstico neonatal do refluxo na investigação da hidronefrose fetal, a detecção mais precisa do dano renal através da cintilografia renal e os avanços no conhecimento da genética do refluxo vésico-ureteral primário. Esta revisão enfatiza esses avanços e os mais recentes estudos prospectivos controlados abordando a questão do tratamento do refluxo...

Post-natal Outcome of Fetal Hydronephrosis Detected with Prenatal Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Hydronephrosis constitutes a great portion of fetal anomalies screened by prenatal sonogram. The present authors made an attempt to access its natural courses through follow up neonatal hydronephrosis diagnosed by prenatal sonogram. METHODS: The study was composed of 23 neonates(36 renal units) who were diagnosed with hydronephrosis through prenatal sonogram screening and confirmed 3-7 days after birth with sonographic evaluation at Kyung Hee University Hospital. The neonates were closely monitored for 12-24 months with renal sonogram, diuretic renogram, intravenous pyelography(IVP) and voiding cystoureterography(VCUG). RESULTS: The underlying diseases were composed of 16 cases(44%) of functional abnormalities, 14 cases(39%) of ureteropelvic junction(UPJ) obstruction, three cases(8%) of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and on case each of multicystic dysplastic kidney, UPJ obstruction with ureteral stenosis and ureterovesical junction(UVJ) obstruction with VUR. The degree of hydronephrosis was divided into three classes according to its severity. In 30 renal units with UPJ obstruction and functional abnormalities, 26(87%) showed mild hydronephrosis, while four(13%) were moderate. During the follow up period, six cases(20%) showed natural resolution of hydronephrosis, 15 cases(50%) showed improvement while two cases(7%) were aggravated with improvement only after surgery of the underlying disease. The cases which showed natural resolution were all mild hydronephrosis at diagnosis and the cases which underwent surgery due to continuous aggravation were mild one case and moderate one case. CONCLUSION: Those with cases of mild hydronephrosis show rapid natural improvement. On the other hand, in some cases, follow up monitoring reveal aggravation of the situation, emphasizing the necessity for thorough follow up for a long period of time.

Correlation of prenatal renal parenchymal thickness with postnatal outcome of fetal hydronephrosis / 대한산부인과학회잡지

PURPOSE: The aims of this research are to correlate prenatal renal parenchymal thickness with postnatal outcome of fetal hydronephrosis, to establish the predictability of prenatal renal parenchymal thickness for surgical treatment and to apply this parameter to the evaluation and the follow-up of prenatal hydronephrosis. Material and METHOD: Between Jun 1991 and Jun 1998 we retrospectively identified 59 cases of fetal hydronephrosis in which renal pelvic anteroposterior diameter(PAPD) was greater than 10mm. Renal parenchymal thickness(RPT), renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter and renal anteroposterior diameter(RAPD) were measured on midtransverse from prenatal sonograms. The ability of these parameters to predict who would require surgical treatment was examined. The difference of these parameters in groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank sums analysis. RESULTS: 66.7% of fetuses with a renal parenchymal thickness lesser than 8mm and 71.4% of fetuses with a renal parenchymal thickness lesser than 6mm required surgical treatment. 33.3% of fetuses with an PAPD greater than 12mm and 45% of fetuses with an PAPD greater than 15mm required surgical treatment. 60% of fetuses with an ratio of PAPD/RAPD greater than 0.4 and 70% of fetuses with an ratio of PAPD/RAPD greater than 0.5 required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: The research shows that RPT could be used as an useful parameter in the prediction of requirement of postnatal surgical treatment of fetal hydronephrosis ,in addition to the size of PAPD and the ratio of PAPD/RAPD which have been assumed as one of the most important parameters.

Postnatal management of fetal hydronephrosis.

To differentiate neonates with hydronephrosis who will benefit from early surgical treatment from those who will not. Patients and Methods: Twelve consecutive neonates with a history of fetal hydronephrosis in 19 renal units were treated conservatively. Investigations included urinalysis, serum creatinine, ultrasonography, diuretic radionuclide renography and intravenous pyelography. Surgery was indicated when there was evidence of recurrent urinary tract infection and deteriorating differential renal function of the involved kidneys. Results: Postnatal ultrasound confirmed hydronephrosis in 17 out of 19 renal units. Based on drainage curve obtained on diuretic radionuclide renography, patients were classified into obstructive (9 units), non-obstructive (5 units) and equivocal group (3 units). Diagnoses in the first group were uretero-pelvic junction obstruction in 8 and ectopic ureterocele in 1. Pyeloplasty was done in 7 renal units and heminephrectomy was performed for ectopic ureterocele. Average age at operation was 15 months. None of the non-obstructive group required surgery after an average of 24 months of follow up. There was one dropout in equivocal group. One neonate underwent ureteroneocystostomy for megaureter at 18 months of age, while the remaining neonate has been doing well on regular follow after 27 months. Conclusion: Approximately half of neonates with history of fetal hydronephrosis ultimately required surgery. Diuretic radionuclide renography was useful in differentiating between neonates whose hydronephrosis ultimately required surgery and those with a benign outcome.

Fetal urologic abnormalities detected by prenatal ultrasonography / 대한비뇨기과학회지

We report the clinical features of 66 neonates and infants in whom the abnormalities of the urinary tract were detected in utero by prenatal ultrasonography. The postnatal diagnosis were made by ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrography, diuretic renal scan and excretory urography, if needed. Thirty four patients had 43 ureteropelvic junction obstructions. Multicystic kidneys were found in 16 patients and ureterovesical junction obstructions were found in 17 renal units of 15 patients. Twenty one patients had multiple urologic anomalies. Thirty three patients (50%) required 40 operative procedures. No case of multicystic kidney required operation. Of 4 patients of posterior urethral valve one patient had pulmonary hypoplasia and brain hemorrhage and this case seems to have had benefit with fetal intervention. All other cases showed improvement clinically and radiologically on followup.